On June 6, 1912, a new volcano emerged on the Katmai landscape and forever altered this region. For 60 hours, a volcano later named Novarupta sent ash into the sky as high as 20 miles (30 km). Ash and pumice from the eruption also rushed down the Ukak River valley as pyroclastic flows and surges moving at more than 100 miles per hour (160 kilometers per hour).
The Ukak River valley was transformed into 40 square miles (64 square kilometers) of barren ash. Heat trapped in the ash took decades to cool. Any water buried by the ash or that percolated into it flashed into steam. The vents where the superheated steam emerged became the fumaroles that inspired the name Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.
Today the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (i.e. the Valley) offers a chance to explore a landscape created by the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. The beauty, scale, wildness, and mystery of the Valley make it one of the best places in the world to study the violence of volcanic eruptions and experience the raw power of nature.
Destinations in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
Buttress Range
The western side of the Valley is bordered by this ridge. Along the Buttress Range, several small, inset alcoves provide water and inviting places to camp. Wildlife such as bears, ground squirrels, ptarmigan, and even caribou can be seen in this area. The crest of the Buttress Range is easily traversed along its length.
Katmai Pass and the Southwest Trident Lava Flows
Katmai Pass is one of the lowest points in the crest of the Aleutian Range in Katmai. It offers a relatively easy route between the Pacific Ocean and Bristol Bay watersheds. Until the 1912 eruption, a trail through Katmai Pass was frequently used by Alaska Natives as a trade route.
While the historic trail through the pass was buried by ash and pumice, the area still provides many places to explore. Hikers moving south through the pass can explore the lava flows from southwest Trident and the warm springs that seep from underneath them. Hikers moving north through the pass can imagine what Robert Griggs saw in 1916 when he first gazed upon the steaming valley. The summit of Observation Mountain, several miles south of the pass, offers amazing views of the Katmai River gorge and valley.
Email us (the park's wilderness office) for information about the route from Katmai Bay to Katmai Pass.
Knife Creek Glaciers and the Mount Katmai Caldera
The lower slopes of the Knife Creek Glaciers are covered with as much as 6 feet (2 meters) of ash and pumice. Hikers can walk right up to the foot of and even on the glaciers, with caution.
Three thousand feet above the glaciers lays the caldera of Mount Katmai. The summit of Mount Katmai collapsed during the 1912 Novarupta eruption leaving a caldera more than 2000 feet (600 m) deep. All routes to the caldera require crossing glaciers with crevasses.
Mount Griggs
This is the tallest mountain bordering the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes. Ascents of Mount Griggs can be made from its relatively gentle western slopes. The final approach to the summit requires a tricky traverse of glaciers and a snow and ice covered knife-edged ridge. In late summer, water can be difficult to find near the base of Mount Griggs.
Mageik Lakes
When explorers first entered the Valley, they found the toe of two glaciers occupying the basin where two beautiful, but distinct lakes sit today. Surrounded by cascading waterfalls, a muddy, silt-laden lake can be found where the Buttress Range meets the slopes of Mount Mageik and Mount Martin. Closer to Katmai Pass, a turquoise colored lake can be found.
Novarupta
It is a mere bump on the Valley’s floor and rises only 200 feet (65 meters) above its surface, but despite its small size this volcanic dome marks the vent of the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. When explorers first entered the Valley, this was one of the hottest areas and the dome still wafts warm steam. Superheated jets of steam from nearby fumaroles cooked the surrounding ash and pumice and deposited kaleidoscopes of minerals. The area near Novarupta is the most colorful in the Valley.
Novarupta is located approximately 14 miles from the Windy Creek trailhead on the Valley Road. Water draining from perennial snowfields is typically available near Novarupta, even in late summer.
River Crossings in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes poses special challenges for backcountry travelers. Suspended volcanic ash and glacially-derived sediments in rivers often make water depths impossible to estimate, and most of the rivers in the Valley are confined to narrow gorges that are deceptively deep and swift. Hikers must be especially cautious when choosing a place to cross the Valley’s rivers and creeks. The River Lethe and Knife Creek, for example, can only be forded in a few places.
If you cannot find a safe crossing, then you should not attempt to cross. You may also need to wait a day or longer until lower water levels permit safe crossing. Follow these tips when crossing:
- Watch the water’s surface and cross where you see small ripples, not waves.
- Cross early in the morning when runoff from glaciers is low.
- Release your pack’s belt buckle and loosen shoulder straps so you can drop your pack easily.
- Wear shoes while crossing.
- Allow yourself a retreat. Don’t commit to one route.
- Use a hiking pole or stick to help steady yourself and gauge the water’s depth.
Other Information
- Drinking Water - By August, drinking water can be scarce in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, especially in its central region. On the margins of the Valley perennial snow fields, meltwater channels, seeps, and springs provide water throughout the year. Some of the streams and rivers in the Valley, however, carry very high loads of glacial flour, silt, sand, and pumice which easily clog water filters.
- Best Practices - follow "leave no trace" principles & backcountry regulations.
- Access to the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes
Transportation to the Valley is available on the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes Tour. Hikers can arranged to be dropped off at the Valley and picked up at a later date. Contact the park’s concessionaire Katmailand for fees and more information. USGS topographic maps for the Valley include Mt. Katmai B-4 and B-5 among others. Visit the USGS Map Store or Alaska Geographic to purchase maps. The Brooks Camp and King Salmon visitor centers maintain a limited stock only.
All food must be stored in bear resistant containers, which are available free of charge at the King Salmon and Brooks Camp visitor centers. Although permits are not required for backcountry travel or camping, hikers are encouraged to submit a Backcountry Trip Planner. - Baked Mountain Huts
The Baked Mountain Huts were destroyed in a 2018 storm and are no longer safe to be used as any type of shelter.
